Spinning Universe

Introduction to SpinningUniverse.com

INTRODUCTION TO SPINNINGUNIVERSE.COM
By Puthalath Koroth Raghuprasad
Odessa, Texas
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        When I use the term spinning universe in this website, I am at once giving the ubiquitous feature of axial spin of all freestanding bodies in the universe, in the counterclockwise direction a crucial function, and the stature of a fundamental property of matter.  It is also the basis of my firm belief that even the movement in space of galaxies is in a circumferential fashion, also in the counterclockwise direction and that it is this latter motion of galaxies that gives the illusion that the whole observable universe is spinning.  The vital function of axial spin is to initiate motion in all bodies, and with the help of gravity, induce lesser bodies to orbit in the direction of the axial rotation of mother bodies.  This sequence is observed in matter at all levels, starting with the fundamental particles and continuing in all freestanding celestial bodies such as the planets and their satellites, all stars, and a vast majority of galaxies. Since this axial rotation is (with vanishingly small exceptions) in the counterclockwise direction as is the direction of orbits of lesser bodies, it is obvious to any reasoning observer that this arrangement is at once responsible for the perpetual motion of celestial bodies, while also assuring order in the motion mechanics in the universe. The data to support my above statements will be presented in later sections of this introduction and they will show how the intimate interactions between the axial spin of matter and gravity initiate and direct such motions in bodies.  Next, I will address the question of how these incessant movements ultimately lead to the way the larger congregations of matter, the mighty galaxies move in space, also in the counterclockwise direction.  Before such details are presented, I will list the most salient observations below:

1. Axial spin is a fundamental property of matter; all fundamental particles already exhibit this property. The axial spin of the nucleus of atoms and the axial spin of electrons on their axes and the orbiting of electrons around the nucleus is the prime example.   Such motion characteristics are continued then in all freestanding celestial bodies as well as in the galaxies.
2. The direction of spin of matter is counterclockwise in matter at all levels.  This finding is another argument in favor of axial spin being a fundamental property of matter.
3. When mother bodies influence the lesser bodies to orbit (with the assistance of gravity), the orbital direction is also counterclockwise, which means the axial rotation direction of the mother body has a dominant role in this.
4. The typical planets in our solar system (Mars, earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune) rotate on their axes faster, the more massive they are. This effect parallels the degree of mutual gravitation based on the size of a celestial body.  In fact, there is a linear relationship between the size of the body and its speed of axial rotation.; while the degree of gravitation is nonlinear.   The former finding is counterintuitive and argues against the notion implied in the widely believed "conservation of the angular momentum"; otherwise, the larger bodies should rotate slower or at least all bodies should rotate at the same speed.  This is another persuasive argument in favor of axial spin being an intrinsic, fundamental property of matter.
5. The speed of orbit of satellites closely mirrors the speed of axial rotation of the mother bodies; thus, the two satellites of Mars (whose axial rotation is slowest), orbit the slowest and the large "Galilean" satellites of Jupiter (the fastest in axial rotation) orbit the fastest. The inescapable conclusion from this finding is the control the mother bodies have in the orbital speed of the satellite bodies that are situated close by.  Such close relationships imply an important function for this property of spin of mother bodies in guiding the satellites' direction of orbit. The control mother bodies have on the speed of orbit of satellites clearly teaches us how the axial spin and gravity operate together.
6. The closest satellites of the gas and ice giants of the solar system exhibit the exquisite phenomenon of "synchronous rotation".  This means they rotate on their axes and orbit their mother bodies in the same time period, and they show the same face to the mother at all times. Those satellites that are farther out exhibit "normal or non-synchronous" axial rotation.  The tiniest and the farthest satellites, whose axes are tilted excessively (over 120 degrees), rotate "negatively" or exhibit "reverse" rotation.  However, they are actually rotating in the right direction but since they are inverted, they appear to be rotating clockwise.  This continuum of axial rotation characteristics attest to the diminishing influence from the mother bodies to the satellites, not only in their orbital speed but even in their axial rotation speed and direction.
7. Even more interesting is what the synchronously rotating large satellites of the gas and ice giants display with the speed of their axial rotation.  These satellites' axial rotation speed is faster, depending on closeness to the mother bodies.  This effect even overrides the intrinsic axial rotation speed of these satellites, i.e.: the larger satellites that are farther away rotate slower than the closer, smaller satellites. This is the most convincing evidence of a direct effect the mother bodies exert on the satellite bodies' axial rotation.
8. The stars and galaxies also display the same direct effect of their masses on their ability to rotate on their axes.
9. The axial rotation speeds of the satellite bodies and planets (the smaller members of the celestial bodies) are measured in km/hr., but those of the stars and galaxies are measured in km/second!  Thus, the satellites rotate between 9.33 and 269.6 km/hr. and their respective mother bodies (the planets) rotate between 867 and 45,255 km/hr.  The stars on the other hand rotate between 0.1 and 610 km/second, and galaxies rotate at even more astonishing 210 and 23,368 km/second.
10. Even the speed of motion of stars and galaxies in space is directly proportional to their size.  Larger the body or conglomerates of bodies, the faster they move.
11. For the exquisite direct relationship of the mass of a celestial body and its ability to move in space, rotate on its axis and to influence the smaller bodies in its sphere of influence, three more natural phenomena are required. First, the centrifugal force experienced by all bodies in circular motion; thus, the orbiting bodies are maintained in a circular, defined path determined by the gravitational pull of the mother body, along with the rotational effect received from her, which lead to a centrifugal push in exact proportion. Next, in the deep space where all bodies are situated, there is almost pure friction-free vacuum and weightlessness.  Thus, even the largest galaxies are essentially weightless, like fluff!  This is how the exquisite, perpetual motions of all celestial bodies are initiated and maintained forever.  With the above explanation, one could discard the purely mathematical constructs such as the black holes (supermassive or not), dark matter, dark haloes and the like; these have been invented to explain the ability of such huge bodies as the stars and galaxies to move in space so fast. And all of them cannot be seen, measured or tested.  Such is the state of affairs in cosmology of today.  They have discarded the flat earth theory and replaced it with a modern version; the Big Bang and the expanding universe.  In that process they have ignored the one most readily observable property of matter, that of its axial rotation!

     From my earliest exposure to the current cosmological teaching, I had my doubts about some of their principal tenets.  First and foremost was the notion that the universe began with a cataclysmic explosion, the "Big Bang", which was followed by an inexorable expansion of the universe, which included not only the outward motion of all bodies in the universe but, apparently, even the space itself being made at almost the speed of light. Further, this expansion of space has already gone on for over 13 billion years and is destined to go on forever!  There were two inconsistencies in these notions, that I couldn't accept.  First, the motion outward in a straight line of all galaxies; since all component bodies that make up the galaxies are rotating on their axes and orbiting larger bodies, I argued, the galaxies should also follow that pattern and thus, they should also move in space in a circumferential direction, in addition to their axial rotation in the counterclockwise direction.  Secondly, I questioned the notion that all bodies were racing outwardly away from us, the earthbound observers; this was based, of course, on the observation of Hubble of red shift of the light from the galaxies.  I questioned this assertion on the basis that, since our home planet is located on a spiral arm of our home galaxy, the Milky Way Galaxy, unless we (the earth) are at the dead center of the universe, there must be an equal number of galaxies racing towards us, and therefore, be blue shifted.  There was another glaring inconsistency, that of some galaxies bumping into other galaxies.  Now, if all galaxies are flying apart in a radial direction, and the farthest galaxies are actually flying faster than the near ones, how can any galaxy fly into another one, I wondered.  With these objections to blindly following the currently fashionable teaching, I began researching the scientific literature.  This comprised articles in print and online, in astronomy and astrophysics, as well as the usually well-researched and presented scientific programs on "Nova", which is a series broadcast on Public Broadcasting Services (PBS), in the US.  I spent countless hours scouring the literature and unearthed many nuggets that revealed not only flaws in the current teaching, but also provided many unexpected findings that supported my notions and many others that gave me the direction to take in the future.

       As mentioned above, the cardinal error in the current teaching is the scant attention given to the universally observed phenomenon in astronomical bodies, that of their axial rotation.  It turned out, that was because the spin had been attributed to a "conservation of the angular momentum", which was a property all bodies acquired during the birth of the solar system, and such motions then continuing inexorably for billions and billions of years.  Newton’s first law of motion was invoked in this, but how it would facilitate an axial rotational motion was not even addressed. As a direct consequence of this neglect, the incessant rotation of bodies and their circular or elliptical orbits were not given any functional importance. It is of interest to note that, no explanation has been offered by current cosmology about how the nascent sun is already rotating on its axis, and the protoplanetary disk is already orbiting it, in the same direction as the sun's rotation. So, I asked the question, who started these apparently orderly motions in the infant solar system?   Not to mention, how the same axial rotation is also exhibited by the vast majority of the galaxies, and also in the same counterclockwise direction, just like the lesser bodies that the galaxies are made of. Obviously, a rotational movement that starts in the infant solar system cannot be responsible for imparting the same motion in the infinitely vast conglomeration of stars, the galaxy.  Soon, I would realize that any modification of Newton's mutual gravitation/first law of motion,(without the inclusion of the equally pervasive attribute of all astronomical bodies, their axial rotation) or Einstein's "curvature of the fabric of space" around large bodies (which is the accepted replacement theory of gravitation in the universe), appeared to me to be inadequate to account for the ever- present rotational and orbital movements of the astronomical bodies, which are the hallmarks of the motion mechanics in the universe.  Einstein's teaching also fails in accounting for several other phenomena in astronomical bodies, such as the way inward pull by large bodies create so much pressure and heat that leads to not only fusion reaction in stars, as well as the melting of the matter within the smaller bodies such as the planets.  I challenge the followers of the "Field Theory", to explain to me how a curvature of spacetime (whatever that is) will lead to the above exquisite observations in large celestial bodies.

    Naturally, as I questioned such notions, I started studying these topics, and in due course, I had formulated my own ideas of the way the universe functions and recognized that the motions of the free-standing celestial bodies can be explained most satisfactorily by incorporating axial spin into the mix.  As I developed my ideas further, it appeared reasonable to assign a central role to a collaborative interaction between this axial spin of bodies, with the other universal property of the bodies, their inherent mutual gravitational attraction.  Finally, I soon recognized that the motion mechanics of the celestial bodies also require the resulting centrifugal force in equal measure, for balancing the inward pull of smaller bodies by the larger mother bodies, as well as the roles played by weightlessness and the friction-free state of the almost perfect vacuum in the deep space where all bodies reside. This latter understanding is important in explaining the ease of movement of all celestial bodies, including the vast conglomeration of bodies that constitute the galaxies, as no matter how large they are, all of these accumulation of matter are essentially weightless in the empty areas of space where they are located.  I found my intuition gratifying in that, the more I studied, the more substance I found that supported my suspicions. In a nutshell, my ideas hinge around the finding of axial rotation (or spin) in matter of all sizes, beginning with the fundamental particles, to all freestanding bodies such as the satellites, planets and all the myriad lesser bodies orbiting the sun, all stars and the large congregations of matter, the mighty galaxies. The rest of this Introduction will present my discoveries from studying the astrophysical literature and from NASA's website.  Such are the findings of a linear relationship between the speed of axial rotation of the planets in our solar system with the respective bodies' sizes, the axial rotation speed of the closest satellites of the mother planetary bodies, resulting in the interesting and illustrative phenomenon of synchronous rotation, and the stars' and even the galaxies' axial rotation speeds apparently depending on their masses.  The most astonishing finding is the ability of the "super-spirals" (which are spiral galaxies that are much larger than our Milky Way galaxy), to spin on their axes at proportionately faster speeds, the larger they are in size.  All of the above attest to the autonomous ability of matter to rotate on its axis; thus, my explanation of the motion mechanics eliminates the need for conjuring up the imaginary monsters in the center of all spiral galaxies, (the "supermassive black holes") to explain the ability of galaxies to rotate on their axes.  Listed below are the results of such discovery systematically and in more details, including the data, and hopefully, all readers will also agree with my conclusions.

 1) Matter at all levels, from the tiniest elementary particles to the mightiest galaxies, spin on their axes.  This attests to the fundamental nature of spin.

2) In the solar system planets, the larger the body, the faster it rotates on its axis (see Fig. 1, below). This is counter-intuitive, as logic would have us expect larger bodies to take longer to move, even to spin on their axes, and it attests to the autonomous and fundamental nature of spin, quite akin to the increase in gravity that larger bodies have. Also, if the alleged conservation is a property acquired during the formation of the solar system, one could reasonably ask, wouldn't such motions diminish or even entirely stop, over astronomical time periods?  Further, if such motions originated in the nascent solar system, how do the whole galaxies also rotate on their axes? In other words, how can the motion characteristics acquired at the time of the birth of a solar system (tiny compared to a galaxy that typically contains tens of billions of such stars) impart any permanent effect on the motion of the whole galaxy that the star lives in?

In this figure the masses of the regularly rotating planets of our solar system are plotted against the speed of their axial rotations.  We did not include Mercury, Venus and the dwarf planet Pluto, as they have unique features that make them behave differently from the normal planets as listed above.  For a detailed explanation of this selection, please refer to my paper entitled: "Pivotal role of spin.....", the link to which is located on the left margin of this page.  As can be seen, there is a linear relationship between the mass of the body and its ability to rotate on its axis.  A good comparison is the speed at which earth rotates (24hours), with Jupiter, a body which is 13 times larger in diameter, which has the ability to rotate in just over 9 hours!  As noted above, the reasonable inference from this observation is that the axial spin is a fundamental property of matter, and therefore, larger bodies will inherently have greater ability to spin. Also, it has a specific purpose in initiating and continuing in perpetuity, the motion mechanics in all celestial bodies.  Thus, the largest body in any neighborhood will have the ability to spin faster, and with the correspondingly larger gravitational pull, this body will acquire the ability to move (orbit) the smaller bodies around it; this then becomes permanent.  Please check Figure 3 in my paper entitled ".Spin, ubiquitous...." posted as a link to the left margin of this page for a comparison of mass and the gravitational force of the same solar system planets.  While the values are similar, the increase in gravity is not linear.

3) All bodies rotate on their axes in the counterclockwise direction; this assures order in the movements of bodies, and avoid chaos.

4) All satellite bodies orbit mother bodies (with vanishingly small exceptions) in this same counterclockwise direction; i.e. they follow the mother body's axial rotation.  This clearly suggests that the mother bodies have a dominant role in guiding the direction of movement of their satellite bodies; again, this assures orderly movements of the bodies.

5) The major satellites that are closest to the regularly rotating planets in the solar system (Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune), rotate "synchronously"(this means their axial rotation period and the orbital period are the same, and they present only one face to the mother.  Our moon is a classic example of this); the satellites of the gas and ice giants that are intermediate in distance from their respective mother bodies, rotate non-synchronously or normally.  The farthest, tiny satellites, all of which are excessively tilted on their axes, rotate negatively  (this means they rotate on their axes opposite in direction to the mother body's and all the closer satellites, including the synchronously rotating satellites). Thus, one finds a continuum from synchronous rotation of the closest satellites, to normal rotation in the satellites that are situated in intermediate locations and finally, the tiniest satellites situated at the farthest locations rotating negatively.  Accompanying the axial rotational characteristics as mentioned above, the synchronously rotating bodies have negligible axial tilt, while the bodies that are farther out from the mother bodies exhibit increasing tilt of their axes.  All the tiny satellites that are negatively rotating are tilted more than 120 degrees.   See Table  III below, which is selected as a typical example of the gas and ice giants' satellites: These features also hint at the  dominant role played by mother bodies in determining and controlling the satellite bodies' orbital and axial rotational motions, and how, with distance from the mother, the satellites' orbital as well as axial rotation characteristics change.  Please check our paper entitled: "Synchronous, nonsynchronous and reverse rotations...." that is posted at the left margin of this page, for this and other tables and other relevant material.

TABLE III
ORBITAL PARAMETERS OF SATELLITES OF JUPITER*

6) The closest satellites that are rotating synchronously, rotate on their axes faster, the closer they are to the mother bodies.  This is in addition to the faster orbits with proximity to mother bodies. (see Figures 4a-c and Tables 2a and 2b, below:

       The data pertaining to the dominant influence of mother bodies on their satellites, especially those in their immediate vicinity, are shown in the following two tables, Table IIa and IIb.  Table IIa compares the orbital speeds of the synchronously rotating satellites, and Table IIb shows the axial rotation speeds of the same mother  bodies and their satellites.  

This fascinating finding underscores the dominant influence that mother bodies have on the lesser bodies' motion mechanics.  The traditional explanation of the synchronous rotation, of a "tidal locking" mechanism fails to explain this effect the mother bodies have, on the axial rotations of satellite bodies.  Again, please check our article, "Synchronous, nonsynchronous...." that is posted as a link at the left margin of this page.

 7) The satellites' orbital speeds and their rotational speeds are influenced positively by the size of the mother bodies, again, in the gas and ice-giants' closest large moons (please see the figures and tables of (6) above.  Thus, the larger the mother body, the faster it rotates on its axis, and this effect is then imparted to the satellite bodies!  This finding alone will argue against the well-established notion of "conservation of the angular momentum", as such an effect should be equal in all bodies.  In contrast, a collaborative interaction between the bodies' mutual gravitation and the axial rotation will explain these phenomena quite adequately.

8) All stars also rotate on their axes in the same counterclockwise direction; they also rotate faster, the larger the star is (see Table IV).  This is the issue the scientific community had not been able to explain, and thus they conjure up ideas such as "black holes"; this is especially so in the case of explaining the motions of stars within the galaxies.   Thus, imaginary monsters in the center of galaxies are given supernatural power, to make the galaxies spin and carry all the stars around; thus the larger galaxies are gifted ever larger "supermassive black holes".  When such mathematical computations are unable to explain why all stars, those nearer to the center of the galaxy as well as those towards the periphery of the galaxy move at about the same speed, they come up with, other explanations, such as, "dark matter" , and lately, with "dark haloes".  In our hypothesis, as explained in our papers "Spin, ubiquitous...." and "Pivotal role of spin in celestial body motion mechanics...", both of which are posted as links on the left margin of this page, we give a rather feasible explanation based on the above observed tendencies of matter to spin spontaneously, and like the degree of gravity, the larger the body, the stronger the rotational ability and its ability to influence neighboring smaller bodies.

The data for this table were derived from published material online, mainly from Wikipedia.org but, some were confirmed or corrected by values posted in other sites, as well as from nasa.gov website

• = Radius and mass are expressed as multiples of solar radius or solar mass
• N/A= Data not available
• The Table above suggests that if the radius  and mass of the stars as reported by the observers conform,  there is a rough correlation between the sizes of the stars and with the axial rotation speeds as well as their lateral motion in their mother galaxies. This finding also supports our notion that intrinsic, autonomous property of matter is what determines the motions of the stars as well. We are not sure why in many of the stars the mass and radius do not conform; we think it is because of the enormous distances to these stars and therefore, with the technology available to observers, some values are inaccurate.  Future improvements in measurements might solve this problem.

9) All spiral and elliptical galaxies rotate on their axes in the counterclockwise direction, and they rotate really, really fast!  Also, the larger the galaxy, the faster it rotates. (see Table V and Figure 5 below).  This observation is dramatically demonstrated in the significantly increased speed of axial rotation of the "Supermassive galaxies". Please check our recently published paper entitled, "Pivotal role of spin....", also presented as a link at the left margin of this introductory page.  Here again, the astronomy scientific literature is at a loss in explaining how the large units such as spiral galaxies are able to rotate so fast on their axes, and conjure up ideas such as "Supermassive black holes". and lately, (to explain the exquisitely rapid rotations of the Super spirals( the notion of "Dark haloes".  Since the mathematical computational monsters residing in the core of the spirals, and the purported "dark matter" that surely must be lurking in these galaxies, they expanded the area surrounding such super spirals, filled with dark matter, which now can somehow explain the exquisite rapidity of axial rotation of the super spirals.  I  am at a loss in imagining how an infinite amount of dark matter will make the galaxies spin faster; unless, of course, the role of universal axial spin is acknowledged.  In our paper, we give available data pertaining to the speed of axial rotation of spiral galaxies, in relation to their sizes (in the table), and our understanding of how galaxies rotate and move in space.  If the larger galaxies both rotate and move circumferentially in space, this will then also explain how galaxies collide.  In the expanding universe idea embraced by the current cosmological teaching, it will be impossible to explain how galaxies collide with one another, if they are all inexorably flying apart from one another.  However, in our ideas, it is quite easy to explain this phenomenon; the larger galaxies spin on their axes and move in space faster, and thus catch-up with smaller galaxies and either overtake them, or crash into them.  (see an artist's rendition of this idea, in Fig. 5, below). Our nearest larger neighbor, Andromeda galaxy is doing just this; we will collide and become one huge galaxy in the future.

Table V

LY= Light years    K= x1000    M=  Million      B= Billion   T= Trillion
N/A = Data not available
    ⋆ =  x Mass of Milky Way Galaxy
M⊙= x Mass of Sun

The data for this table were derived from our review of astronomy/astrophysical journals and various online sites, including nasa.gov, Wikipedia.org and others.   There is great paucity of data for the parameters we were particularly interested in (axial rotation speeds and radial velocity, vs mass/size of the galaxies).  We tried to select large galaxies and compare them with medium-sized ones such as our Milky Way Galaxy.  Apparently, the largest of the galaxies are also the farthest and clearly the availability of data is severely hampered by that fact alone.  Thus, on this table we are left with comparison of only a few galaxies (Nos.1,6,7,8 vs 10 & 11). 

       Figure 5 below is our concept of how the collaborative interactions between gravity and axial rotation in spiral galaxies also lead to not only their rotation in the counterclockwise direction, but that during such rotations, the galaxies move in space also in a circumferential fashion, very much like a frisbee does, once it is launched.  Such motion of the galaxies  in the counterclockwise direction, and the collective motion of all other galaxies, we suggest will give the illusion that the whole universe is rotating, in the counterclockwise direction, as well.

 10)  The exquisite properties of neutron stars, the odd behavior of Venus, Mercury, Uranus, Triton (a large moon of Neptune), and others all offer useful information about the cosmos.

      The data presented in the foregoing paragraphs can be used to formulate a credible theory of how all motions start and then they sustain for perpetuity.  Central to this understanding is the observation that matter at the smallest level, such as the elementary particles has the ability to rotate on its axis.  Thus, congregations of matter of ever larger denominations, on through the satellites of planets, to the stars and galaxies display the same ability to spin on their axes.  When this axial spin is combined with another inherent property of matter, its ability to attract other congregations of matter, mutual gravitation, it is easy to understand how the larger bodies with their stronger gravitation and increased ability to spin on their axes, can influence the lesser bodies in their neighborhood to orbit, and to some extent also to augment the satellites' own abilities to spin on their axes.  What happens in the stars and galaxies is just an extension of this phenomenon. Thus, in all stellar evolution, from their genesis to becoming a full-blown star through a protoplanetary disc, with its own plethora of lesser bodies, this is repeated in all star systems.  The enormous congregations of stars that form the galaxies, we suggest, faithful to their component star systems, also display the same spontaneous rotation and movement across space.  So, it is not at all difficult to postulate how these spontaneous motions remain perpetual.  It is important to stress that along with gravity and axial rotation, the resultant centrifugal force in equal measure and the weightlessness in  the empty deep space, combined with the near perfect vacuum that exist there, rendering all motions easy due to the frictionless state, are equally important actors. Finally, my concept embodied in the notion of spinning universe, is simply the illusion of the universe spinning, produced by the circumferential movement of all galaxies in one direction through space.  As the larger the galaxy, not only does it rotate on its axis faster, it moves in space in the counterclockwise direction, also faster, it is easy to explain how such larger galaxies will be able to overtake smaller galaxies or collide with them. 

ADDENDUM:

Let me go over the current teachings in Cosmology, and discuss why I think each idea fails to explain fully the observed phenomena.  And how these bedrocks of modern cosmology are indeed weak, and are modern versions of the flat earth ideology:

1) Newtonian mutual gravitation, with or without his First Law of motion:  While mutual gravitation between bodies is still relevant and explains certain findings, there are many parts of the motion of celestial bodies his ideas fail to explain.  The inverse square law that he postulated, definitely remains true in predicting the speed at which the solar system bodies orbit the central star, our Sun.  However, they cannot explain why such orbits remain in the ecliptic of the sun, or why the planets and all other bodies orbit the sun in the counterclockwise direction.  Further, the enhancement of the axial rotation speeds of the synchronously rotating nearby satellites of the gas and ice giants, Mars or the earth cannot be accounted for by Newton's ideas. They also fail miserably when dealing with the motion mechanics of stars within the galaxies (stars in the periphery and those close to the center of the galaxy move at similar speeds, and not according to the inverse square law, as noted in the motion of planets in a solar system). 

2) Einstein's curvature of the spacetime:  I do not believe gravity does anything to empty space; the effect of gravity is felt by bodies, across space.  Even if, as Einstein theorized, the space does bend due to the local presence of a body or bodies, it will only explain why the bodies remain in those locations.  It does not deal with any of the orbital or axial rotational motions, including, why all bodies rotate and orbit in the counterclockwise direction. As mentioned earlier, it will not explain how large bodies become spherical, create so much pressure in their interior to melt even rocks and, in stars so much heat to lead to fusion reactions.

3) Hubble's Big Bang and the expanding universe.  His finding that in almost 95% of galaxies that he examined, the phenomenon of red shift increasing in the farthest of them, prompted scientists to suggest that that meant those congregations of stars were flying apart inexorably and, therefore, they might have started this journey from a point, as a result of a cataclysmic explosion.  This was then called the "Big Bang".  This idea flies in the face of what we observe in all freestanding celestial bodies, including the galaxies.  All bodies rotate on their axes and orbit a neighboring larger body; even the galaxies do rotate on their axes.  My question is, then why would only the galaxies move in space in a straight line and not in the counterclockwise direction?  Not to mention, the ludicrous and entirely naive notion of the space itself being made from nothing, from the time of the Big Bang to today and, increase at almost the speed of light, forever!  I explain the red shift this way:  since all rotating galaxies are rotating in the counterclockwise direction, the light from them will naturally appear to be moving away from the observer.  On the other hand, if they were to rotate in the clockwise direction, the light might appear blue-shifted.  Thus, all or at least the vast majority will display the red shift phenomenon. 

       The two figures shown below are from my paper, "Synchronous, nonsynchronous...." paper; please check that paper by clicking on the link placed on the left margin on the Introduction. They are presented here just to take the readers through my explanation of two interesting phenomena in the solar system, according to the principles laid down in the foregoing paragraphs.   The Fig.2 shows Jupiter (the large body to the left), with its interactions with three nearby large moons, each of which is rotating synchronously. (This means the axial rotation of each satellite is the same as its orbital time, and they only show one face to the mother body, Jupiter.  This is despite the fact that these bodies are constantly rotating in the counterclockwise direction).  According to my ideas, how the synchronously rotating satellite is grabbed by the mother body and takes it along on its orbital path.  See how the closer the satellite is, the more gravitational tugs will be experienced (denoted by the number of bold arrows pulling the body towards the mother body) whereas, the moons situated farther away from the mother body have less strong tug from being weaker as well less tugging arrows.  Now, as the satellites are carried on their orbital path, in the counterclockwise direction, the gravitational pulls just ahead of its path will tend to exert a pull at the front end of the satellite.  Thus, this pull is felt more intensely on the closer satellite than the farther away ones.  Thus the synchronicity at different time periods, depending on the distance from the mother.  

Reproduced from Applied Phys. Res. Vol 12, No 2, 2020
http://dx.dol.org/10.5539/apr.c12n2p

      The figure below (Fig. 3) is also from the same paper as above and it deals with the negative or reverse rotation as in the planet Venus.  Note how the axis of Venus is almost 180 degrees upside down; thus, its axial rotation appears to be clockwise (although it is still actually rotating in the counterclockwise direction), and during its orbiting of Sun, the pull from the mother is exerting a tug at the front end of Venus, trying to persuade Venus to rotate in the proper way (if the planet had been oriented upright).  Thus, the rotation of Venus runs foul of Sun's efforts, thus the axial rotation of Venus is slowed enormously.  Consequently, it takes 5832.5 hours to complete one rotation!